SPEAK WITH AN ASSAULT LAWYER IN SYDNEY

Common assault may be charged even if no physical harm is caused. Various acts can qualify, such as touching someone, punching without causing injury, or even spitting. Threats, even without contact, may also be common assault. The maximum gaol term for common assault is 2 years, though aggravating factors, such as assaulting a police officer, can increase the penalty.

Assault occasioning actual bodily harm occurs when an assault results in injury to the victim. While the legislation does not specify which injuries qualify, it typically includes cases involving scratches or bruises. Psychological injuries may also fall under this offence.

The maximum penalty for this offence is 5 years in prison, or 7 years if it was committed in company. Importantly, the prosecution does not need to demonstrate that the offender intended to assault the victim; they must only prove that an assault took place, that it caused actual bodily harm, and that the offender was responsible for the assault.

Wounding refers to injuries breaking the skin, as defined by the courts. A weapon isn’t necessary, and injuries may be minor. The offence’s severity depends on the wound's seriousness and attack details, like the number of strikes or the context. Reckless wounding carries a maximum of 7 years or 10 years in company.

What is grievous bodily harm?

Grievous bodily harm (GBH) refers to any serious injury or significant permanent disfigurement. While there isn’t a definitive list of injuries that qualify, GBH applies even if the victim eventually makes a full recovery; permanence is not a requirement for this offence. Ultimately, it is up to the court to determine if the injury meets the threshold for grievous bodily harm. The maximum penalty for this offence is 10 years in prison, or 14 years if the act is committed in company.

What constitutes recklessness?

Recklessness pertains to the mental state of the offender at the time of the offence. The prosecution must demonstrate that the offender was aware that their actions could result in some form of harm. For instance, if the accused recognised that punching someone in the face could lead to a broken nose, then they are considered reckless regarding that harm, thus fulfilling the criteria for this offence.

As with reckless grievous bodily harm, the injury must be classified as grievous, but here, intent to cause harm is required. The offender must have intended the injury. The maximum sentence for this offence is 25 years.

Assaulting a police officer is taken seriously, with deterrence a priority for the courts. The maximum gaol term for this offence is 5 years. There are other offences that deal with the assault of police, they include:

• Assault, throw missile at, stalk, harass or intimidate – maximum penalty is 5 years imprisonment
• Assault occasioning actual bodily harm – maximum penalty is 7 years
• Wound or inflict grievous bodily harm – maximum penalty is 12 years.

This offence was introduced to address fatal one-punch assaults. It mandates an 8-year minimum, with a maximum of 20 years or 25 if the offender was intoxicated. For a charge, the assault must involve a deliberate hit, not justified by law, causing the victim's death. While similar to manslaughter, this offence carries stiffer penalties.

Attempting to choke, suffocate, or strangle someone carries a maximum of 25 years. This is a serious offence under the law.

Primarily dealing with drink spiking, this offence includes administering alcohol, drugs, or any mind-altering substance with intent to commit an indictable offence. The offence is more severe if the substance could cause injury, with a maximum of 25 years in prison.

When evaluating the gravity of a personal violence offence, the court will consider the following elements:

• Extent and Nature of the Victim’s Injuries: The seriousness of the victim’s injuries is key in assessing the offence's severity and determining the appropriate sentence. Generally, more serious injuries result in a more severe offence and a harsher penalty.
• Degree of Violence Inflicted by the Offender: The level of violence used by the offender will influence the sentencing decision. More violent attacks typically incur more severe penalties.
• Intention/Mental Element: This consideration is typically governed by the legislation that defines the offence.

Assaults can be classified as more serious when specific aggravating factors are involved. These factors are often found in personal violence offences. When such factors are present, the resulting sentence for the offender is likely to be more severe. Examples of aggravating factors include:

• Weapons – actual use or threatened use in the commission of the assault. This includes weapons such as knives, firearms, syringes, glasses or broken bottles
• Premeditation – Where premeditation or planning is a factor, the court will look to the degree of premeditation when determining the seriousness of the offence committed
• Unprovoked offence – Where the attack is unprovoked and unjustified
• Offence committed in company – Where the offence is committed in the company of others
• Vulnerable victim – Where the victim is vulnerable (for example, due to age, disability or occupation i.e. a service station attendant or bus driver or security officer)
• Commission of offence in victim’s home – for example during a robbery or where the accused has entered the property of the victim and then assaulted them
• Gratuitous cruelty – This is where the offence goes beyond just being violent in nature, it includes situations where the offender has gone beyond having no justification for causing pain. An example of gratuitous cruelty is found where the offender tortured the victim or the offender punches or kicks a pregnant woman in the stomach, causing a miscarriage. Another example of gratuitous cruelty was where a victim (who was 3) suffered 57 injuries including internal injuries and dehydration as well as bite marks
• Substantial harm – Where the injury, emotional harm, loss or damage caused by the offence was substantial, for example where the victim has suffered ongoing medical problems and not been able to work as a result of the assault
• Intoxication – Intoxication can be a result of either alcohol or drugs.

Just as there are factors that can escalate the severity of an offence and lead to a harsher penalty for the accused, there are also mitigating factors that can reduce the seriousness of the offence. Mitigating factors include:

• Injury or harm not being substantial – for example if the victim’s wounds are healed or were not substantial in the first place
• Provocation – where the offender was provoked by the victim into committing the offence
• Sexual assault
• Indecent assault
• Drug possession and supply
• Fraud charges
• Money laundering
• ASIC offences
• Insider trading
• Theft charges
• Shoplifting
• Firearms offences
• Land and Environment Court prosecutions
• Local Council prosecutions
• Local Court, District Court and Supreme Court trials including homicide charges.